Essay about Egalitarian in Australian Society

Introduction: This paper analyzes and explains how the social class play influences social inequality in Australia, as well as how the myth of egalitarianism was created and how it is maintained. It also shows how inequality has influenced transformations in political, familial and industrial relations and how it has to be taken into account when endeavoring to come to grip with all kinds of inequalities. Due to changes in the societies, the is need to recollect the ideas of different classes, ethnical backgrounds, gender inequalities, political class, and embed them in the self, body and politics. There is a long history here that I could point to but I just want to draw out some of the more important forces operating to create the particular understandings of Australian egalitarianism. If we are going to talk about how egalitarianism became so firmly rooted in the Australian ethos we have to go back to the 19th century. According to McCarthy, the idea that Australia was relatively classless or that class did not matter very much stems back to colonial days. In its beginnings white Australia lacked the rigid class system taking shape in Great Britain. Australia did not have the traditional aristocracy of Great Britain – that group who gained their social position at the top of the tree through birth, title and rank. There were very few genuine gentlemen – people who did not need to work but were independently wealthy through inheritance. A wealthy land-owning class quickly developed but they fell below those traditional elite of Britain. Initially Australiaâ€⠄¢s class structure centered on a fairly basic division between landowners and their workers and across the 19th century it developed into a more complex system as the economy itself became more complex. So how did the idea come about that class didn’t matter very much? There were some desires to escape a rigid class structure. Firstly the argument is advanced that while there were social classes the barriers between them were fluid – there was fairly free mingling between social groups (especially in comparison to Britain) and there was also fluidity in terms of climbing the ladder that is that people, through hard work, could move from the working class to the middle and perhaps from the lower middle to the more solidly middle class. And nor in colonial Australia were the ranks of gentlemen firmly closed. This idea took hold pretty early in Australia because of instances of emancipists, former convicts, achieving comfortable lifestyles. The ex-convict who made good helped to foster the idea that people in Australia were judged on their merit rather than birth or past deeds. As a new society, with everything needing to be built from scratch, there was a lot of opportunity in Australia to ‘do well’. Australian workers were in a good position because there was a shortage of labor. Another important argument is that on the frontier people simply had to join together, regardless of class. You might remember from the early reading of Russel Ward’s description of the ‘typical’ Australian – he wrote of a fiercely independent person who hates officiousness and authority and displayed a cynical attitude to the pretensions of the wealthy and to anyone who liked to think of themselves as superior. Ward traces the development of this egalitarianism of manners to the convicts – convicts he argues developed a strong sense of community and solidarity; and a disdain for their masters. This was carried into the ‘lower orders’ more generally. Free immigrants he claims adopted the outlook of the old hands. Ward also thought that life on the frontier was important in the development of an egalitarian, collectivist ethos. People worked together – rich and poor. Success required hard work there was no real place for gentlemanl y pretensions –all needed to roll up their sleeves. And because bush life was so difficult with the population being spread over such large tracts of land for people to survive they needed to rely on one another. So class structures and more importantly class attitudes broke down. The discovery of gold in the 1850s did a lot to enhance this image of Australia. It was partly because on the goldfields former wage-earners might have been able to throw off the yoke of service and work for themselves rather than for a boss – small groups worked co-operatively without a master – bred a sense of independence – Some diggers did strike it lucky – new-found wealth enabled workers to acquire property, a house and perhaps establish a business – employees became employers. Wealth came through luck not breeding education or talent. This is a very brief historical background that goes some way to explaining the development of a strong commitment in Australia to egalitarianism. (McCarthy, 2008) According to Poleg, Egalitarianism in Australia is a dangerous indication of contemporary disparity since it reveals and makes people conscious on the way favors and resources are inequitably distributed against the expectations of the people on what they perceive as their rights. These feelings or experiences of unfairness are indelible in Australians especially as they grow through their stages of childhood socialization to adulthood. Controversies surrounding this unfairness patent themselves more explicitly at the political class as well as social life. Nevertheless, my core element is to analyze the persistent structures as well as the transformation of social inequalities since I realize that a new approach is essential. Painstaking researches have grouped these links into three categories of inequality being; Empirical reality, or the proof of its existence, Theory, or its sociological approaches and finally the individuals experience extent Egalitarianism originated during the time of the white settlements through the English prisoners who were the outcasts of the English system. Also, the struggle against the British soldiers and later, the early Australians developed types of brotherhood and mate ship among the pioneer Australians. Egalitarianism in Australia was reinforced by foreign visitors but not fully invented. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lawrence D.H visited Australia and gave some remarks through writing that Australia was a great relief in the entire atmosphere where then he cited that everybody should free in Australia. Lawrence was impressed that there was no class distinction in the entire Australian society where nobody felt special or than another. According to how Lawrence’s confession, some of the Australians were better than others but they could not show. In the 19th century, an English author called Marcus Clark wrote exclaiming that the new Australians were not nation of snobs like the English and that they were not of extravagant boosters like the Americans but a simple nation of drunkards. In addition to that, Australia is also considered to be among the pioneers of women social rights. According to the (Female suffrage act, SA) It was the second country in the world to recognize women as voters constitutionally. After the formation of the Brotherhood, inequality was highly enhanced. Australians became sexists as well as egalitarian mate-ship among males actively excluded female even though they were reluctantly accepted formally in 1885 as equal. Poverty is also another factor th at has highly affected egalitarianism since it was discovered to be among the threats to social life in Australia in the late 1960s. (Poleg, 2004) Greig, suggests that egalitarian in Australian nation or in other words classless society as he calls it, pervaded the colonial awareness at around 19th century whereby Australia emerged as a fresh economy during that period. Urbanization rate was growing tremendously at a very alarming rate leading to complex divisions of labor and then giving birth to a modern state called Australia. At that time, it became integral therefore finding a place in the global capitalist economy via the growing and exporting of crucial products where this was made easier through the mercantile ports which as well served as manufactured imports destination. Even though modern manufacturers remained embryonic at work, especially men, they were sufficient and led to the development of urban class alongside a class of pastoral capitalists and local mercantile. Toward the end of nineteenth century, egalitarianism was fully captured in Australia whereby it was simply referred to as the Workingman’s par adise; the term initially used by Henry Kingsley a novelist. Due to the fact that urban workers had recently migrated, their current status by then could not be compared to those they had left behind and this led to the reinforcement of the myth of egalitarianism in Australia. As a repercussion, the myth of workman’s paradise was misused by capitalists and statesmen since they triggered migration from the British Isles toward the workman’s paradise.   As a result, travel memoirs both local and international journals began to began to praise the kind of lifestyle that Australian working class had. They also started congratulating Australian government of for taking good care of their working class. Daily articles like the Melbourne that there was no country in the whole world which the comfort of the working class was so guaranteed and secure as Australia. It was later concluded that the working class permeated the Australian culture in terms of attitude. This led Australia to be considered as social reforms laboratory.   (Gre ig, 2003) As observed by Gregory Smith, egalitarianism has been transformed into a study which investigates qualities in Australian literature since it is among the characteristics that which celebrates the Australian national identity and character as well. The Australian identity was counterfeited in the wretchedness of pioneer era, put under a litmus paper the ‘first and the second world wars’ followed by the drastic challenges of immigration after war. Australian identity is carefree, democratic and egalitarian as Smith extols it. Due to the egalitarianism, the consciousness of Australian religion features respect among them empirically sensitive real and suspicious of theories. The mainstream culture of Australia is characterized by a firm past pioneering individualism. Australia is multi-cultural, full of skepticism and indifferent toward religion (Smith, 2001) Conclusion: Since the mid 1990s the idea of there being two Australia’s has developed – an educated, cosmopolitan and affluent urban Australia and a culturally marginalized rural or outer suburban Australia on the other. Some among the elites embraced the culturally diverse and more cosmopolitan Australia; others welcomed the more open economy. But for many ordinary Australians both the new economy and the new diverse society threatened what they saw as the Australia old. And because many did not prosper with globalization it has been easy to displace their anxieties about economic insecurity onto new immigrants and Aborigines. What we have also seen is an argument that suggests that minorities /Aborigines are privileged (getting more than a fair go) and the needs of old Anglo-Celtic Australians have been ignored. One of the more invidious developments in Australia from the mid 1990s More recently this acceptance of diversity has come under threat. And what is so fascinating is th at many in wanting to cling to a particular sort of egalitarianism have attacked minority groups as being the recipients of special privileges. Indigenous Australians, so this line of argument goes, get too many handouts. Such was the argument of new political as well as social forces that emerged in Australia in 1996. References: Poleg, D. (2004): A Short Overview of Australian Egalitarianism. OUA. Greig, A. (2003) Inequality in Australia. UTF. Smith, G. (2001): The Australian religious verse. OUP. Peeters, B. (2006): Egalitarianism in Australian discourse. UAE. Mc McCarthy, T. (2008): The myth of Egalitarianism. PCM.

Disney Strategic Initiative Paper - 1214 Words

Disney Strategic Initiative Paper Tammy Adams, Kecia Darnell, Chelsea Hensley, Elizabeth Munns, and Zameika Williams University of Phoenix FIN 370 Professor Stephen Beadnell October 18, 2010 Strategic Initiative Paper Introduction This paper will address the strategic and financial planning associated with the operations of Disney. In addition, the paper will show the correlation between strategic and financial planning. The impact of the organization’s initiative costs, sales, and associated risks the organization encounters during the financial and strategic planning will be addressed. â€Å"Thus, the financial planning process provides a tool for preparing for the future working-capital requirements of the firm.† (Keown, 2005)†¦show more content†¦However, focusing primarily on the impact the Disney Company, the effects could be more drastic. One scenario is the parties do not reach an agreement in regard to the streaming fees Disney wants to charge Netflix and the companies discontinue business. Netflix will no longer provide Disney movies for rent, this could lead to a decrease in potential sales and free advertising for Disney. It could be said that Netflix users will select from a the remainder of the selection of movies available, however, according to the article, the likelihood is that Netflix will negotiate with The Disney Company so there are no limitations put on the amount of streaming video Netflix can offer . This will actually increase the current acquisition costs for Netflix at an estimated incremental one percent acquisition cost. There will be a positive impact on sales for Disney due to the additional charges able to be acquired through attaching fees to the online streaming content. 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Counseling Micro Skills free essay sample

In counseling, the use of micro-skills such as disclosure, proxemics, and eye contact helps to strengthen the therapeutic relationship, which in turn generates a more positive counseling outcome. These skills are used as non-verbal cues of communication, and develop a positive rapport within the counseling session. Disclosure, often termed ‘self-disclosure’ is when the counselor reveals personal information about him/herself that should have beneficial effects on the client. Proxemics is the science of how the â€Å"spatial features† in one’s environment impact behaviors (Haase Dimattia, 1970, p. 319). For instance, the seating arrangement and counselor’s body posture will have effects on the client’s ability to bond with the counselor. Lastly, eye contact is necessary to show that the counselor is actively listening, interested, and empathetic to the client. A good policy for counselors to adopt is the SOLER acronym (Knapp, 2007). The counselor should sit Straight facing the client, keep legs and arms Open, Lean forward towards the client, maintain Eye contact, and appear relaxed. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Micro Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Appropriate use of these skills in both individual and couples counseling will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Individual On an individual level, the counselor may have an easier time managing each of these micro-skills. Self-disclosure can be extremely helpful in developing a therapeutic bond; however, the counselor needs carefully consider that the disclosure is beneficial to the client’s concern, rather than to the counselor (Nyman Daugherty, 2001). They should always be honest and genuine (Knapp, 2007). A counselor should not make up a story because he wants to have a better rapport with the client. Disclosures should be used sparingly, and not be lengthy in order to ensure that the focus remains on the client’s journey. A self-disclosure that would help to build rapport could be something as simple as revealing a casual shared interest, such as the counselor revealing that he is also a Pittsburgh Steelers fan. Another example of an effective disclosure could be when a client expresses sadness due to her son moving out of the house. A counselor hat has experienced the same â€Å"empty nest syndrome† in the past may want to self-disclose how difficult this was for her as well, and share a short narrative of how she found other outlets to decrease her sadness. Therefore, the counselor would be modeling coping skills to the client through self-disclosure, and could help the client explore her own outlets for coping. Seating arrangements are the start of the proxemics of t he counseling environment. Sometimes cultural differences appear in clients’ preferences for proximity in seating arrangements (Haase Dimattia, 1970). A prior awareness of the client’s culture, and an understanding of how their culture views personal space can be helpful in arranging seating. Many counselors’ offices have enough seating for more than two people; therefore the counselor should offer the client his/her choice of seats. The counselor’s chair should be facing the seating area, and adjusted so the counselor is facing the client (Knapp, 2007). Many other letters from the acronym SOLER come into play after the client has sat. The counselor should take care not to have arms or legs folded, but sit in an Open and Relaxed way that will appear inviting to the client. Posture is also an important aspect of proxemics. The counselor would not want to appear like he is ready to fall off of his chair, but he should angle himself toward the client, leaning closer during more intense or serious moments. For example, when a client is relating a story to the counselor, and the counselor leans forward during an intense moment, it shows the client that the counselor is genuinely interested, and empathetic to the client’s situation. Eye contact is used in counseling to show the client that the counselor is paying attention, and truly interested in what the client is saying. Maintaining eye contact sounds simple, but often can cause awkward moments if not done properly. Nobody wants a counseling session to feel like a staring contest. A counselor should maintain eye contact when the client is speaking, but also tend to other nonverbal clues the client may be sending through posture, hand motions, or facial expressions (Knapp, 2007). The counselor should also do the same while speaking to the client in order to perceive if the client truly understands what is being said. Couples Many of the same aspects of using micro-skills in individual counseling also apply to couples counseling. However, maintaining equilibrium between each of the clients can make perfecting these skills slightly more difficult. Self-disclosure especially can be difficult, because the counselor should not make any disclosures that appear like she is taking sides. An example of inappropriate disclosure would be if the client revealed that she is lonely when her husband is on the road, and the counselor disclosed that her husband travels also, and can relate to her feelings of loneliness. This may leave the husband feeling as though the counselor is on the wife’s side, and damage the therapeutic relationship. On the other hand, the counselor could reveal to the couple that her husband also travels for his job, but that they focus on having quality time together rather than quantity time. This may help the clients realize that with mutual effort, and guidance from the counselor that they, too, could find more quality time. Proxemics and eye contact also need to be dealt with carefully during a couples counseling session. The counselor should make sure that he is seated in a near equal distance from the couple. This can sometimes be difficult, so ensuring the seating logistics are acceptable ahead of time may be helpful. Through proper seating the counselor should be able to posture appropriately without showing favor towards one client or the other. The counselor should also maintain eye contact with whoever is speaking for the majority of the statements, but should utilize eye contact with the other client in the room occasionally during this time (Laureate Education Inc. , 2010). While the counselor is speaking, she should try to keep eye contact with both clients. When directing a question or comment to only one of the clients, she should look directly at that client. The counselor must perform a juggling act of sorts, always maintaining some form of eye contact with each client throughout the session in order look for nonverbal cues. If a client is speaking about how he works hard for a living, and he should be allowed to drink when he gets off of work, the counselor should be making eye contact with the husband, but also watching the wife’s reaction. If the counselor notices that the wife is crying, he may want to break eye contact and look over to her as a nonverbal cue for the husband to notice how upset she is. Conclusion The use of micro-skills is an art to the counseling profession. Many of these skills are used in everyday conversations, and communications. Effective use of disclosure, proxemics, and eye contact within the counseling session will greatly improve the therapeutic bond that is imperative to positive counseling outcome.

Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay Research free essay sample

Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay, Research Paper Ever since the two work forces themselves walked the Earth, there has been well argument as to whether the political idea of Thomas Hobbes or John Locke was closer to the truth. Hobbes, characterized as the # 8220 ; Apologist for Absolutism # 8221 ; in The Western Heritage, believed that the natural province of adult male was one of uninterrupted competition and would by and large be # 8220 ; lone, hapless, awful, beastly and short. # 8221 ; Therefore, he believed in a strong absolute sovereign to maintain the people under control. Locke, called the # 8220 ; Defender of Moderate Liberty # 8221 ; by the text edition, by and large believed that in a natural province, adult male would be merely as concerned with the rights of others as with their ain. Therefore, authorities was to do certain that everyone # 8217 ; s rights were protected. In my sentiment, neither of these work forces are wholly right with their idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, if I was to populate in a society governed by the idea of one of these two work forces, I would take to populate in one designed by Locke. Hobbes # 8217 ; instead pessimistic position of human nature renders his political idea doubtful. In his position, adult male exists merely for bodily pleasance and other such selfish pleasances. Although there is some truth to that, his call for tyranny on those evidences is dubious at best. In add-on, Hobbes places all the duty for forestalling adult male from misconducting in the custodies of the absolute sovereign. How can he be so certain that this swayer will non be dominated by his ain hopelessly selfish will? If his idea is right, the swayer will utilize this power over the people for his ain sole addition. To do the state of affairs worse, in Hobbes # 8217 ; system the people are unable to hold any state in their opinion. Unless the common mans were awful and beastly in their nature and the sovereign baronial and generous, his system would non work. Last, history has shown that tyranny leads to widespread opposition. In France during the late 18th century, for illustration , the hesitation of the monarchy led to the celebrated revolution that everlastingly cast uncertainty on tyranny. Populating in a system designed by Hobbes would do the common adult male # 8217 ; s life much worse. Although Locke # 8217 ; s idea is non unflawed, his society would bring forth much more favourable life conditions. The true nature of adult male is someplace between the beliefs of Locke and Hobbes, with a inclination to be closer to Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account. Man is neither every bit sinister as Hobbes # 8217 ; position, yet is non every bit virtuous as Locke believes. However, this works good with Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account for authorities, which was to continue the rights of the people. Whether knowing or non, Locke left some room in his political idea to let for the Acts of the Apostless of arrant selfishness that he left out of his thesis on the human spirit. In Hobbes # 8217 ; societal theoretical account, the halting of aggression from one adult male to the following does non do up for the loss of freedom to the cardinal sovereign. His limited authoritiess could protect the rights of everyone while non forestalling people from acting of course. In my low sentiment, this protection of basic rights while keeping most freedoms would measure up as the ideal province. Finally, an analysis of most modern media, from the intelligence to films and beyond, reveals that freedom is really of import to most people. That one time once more shows that freedom is the natural province of adult male, and nil short of that will last for excessively long. Overall, the thoughts of Locke are much more appealing due to his cardinal thoughts about the human spirit. Those thoughts had a batch of influence on many subsequently political philosophers, and everlastingly changed the political relations of both Europe and the remainder of the universe. Both Locke and Hobbes were really of import to European history, and there is no uncertainty that political relations would be really different without them. However, it is Locke who comes closer to the perfect stat vitamin E. Bibliography Ever since the two work forces themselves walked the Earth, there has been well argument as to whether the political idea of Thomas Hobbes or John Locke was closer to the truth. Hobbes, characterized as the # 8220 ; Apologist for Absolutism # 8221 ; in The Western Heritage, believed that the natural province of adult male was one of uninterrupted competition and would by and large be # 8220 ; lone, hapless, awful, beastly and short. # 8221 ; Therefore, he believed in a strong absolute sovereign to maintain the people under control. Locke, called the # 8220 ; Defender of Moderate Liberty # 8221 ; by the text edition, by and large believed that in a natural province, adult male would be merely as concerned with the rights of others as with their ain. Therefore, authorities was to do certain that everyone # 8217 ; s rights were protected. In my sentiment, neither of these work forces are wholly right with their idea. However, if I was to populate in a society governed by the idea of one of these two work forces, I would take to populate in one designed by Locke. Hobbes # 8217 ; instead pessimistic position of human nature renders his political idea doubtful. In his position, adult male exists merely for bodily pleasance and other such selfish pleasances. Although there is some truth to that, his call for tyranny on those evidences is dubious at best. In add-on, Hobbes places all the duty for forestalling adult male from misconducting in the custodies of the absolute sovereign. How can he be so certain that this swayer will non be dominated by his ain hopelessly selfish will? If his idea is right, the swayer will utilize this power over the people for his ain sole addition. To do the state of affairs worse, in Hobbes # 8217 ; system the people are unable to hold any state in their opinion. Unless the common mans were awful and beastly in their nature and the sovereign baronial and generous, his system would non work. Last, history has shown that tyranny leads to widespread opposition. In France during the late 18th century, for illustration , the hesitation of the monarchy led to the celebrated revolution that everlastingly cast uncertainty on tyranny. Populating in a system designed by Hobbes would do the common adult male # 8217 ; s life much worse. Although Locke # 8217 ; s idea is non unflawed, his society would bring forth much more favourable life conditions. The true nature of adult male is someplace between the beliefs of Locke and Hobbes, with a inclination to be closer to Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account. Man is neither every bit sinister as Hobbes # 8217 ; position, yet is non every bit virtuous as Locke believes. However, this works good with Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account for authorities, which was to continue the rights of the people. Whether knowing or non, Locke left some room in his political idea to let for the Acts of the Apostless of arrant selfishness that he left out of his thesis on the human spirit. In Hobbes # 8217 ; societal theoretical account, the halting of aggression from one adult male to the following does non do up for the loss of freedom to the cardinal sovereign. His limited authoritiess could protect the rights of everyone while non forestalling people from acting of course. In my low sentiment, this protection of basic rights while keeping most freedoms would measure up as the ideal province. Finally, an analysis of most modern media, from the intelligence to films and beyond, reveals that freedom is really of import to most people. That one time once more shows that freedom is the natural province of adult male, and nil short of that will last for excessively long. Overall, the thoughts of Locke are much more appealing due to his cardinal thoughts about the human spirit. Those thoughts had a batch of influence on many subsequently political philosophers, and everlastingly changed the political relations of both Europe and the remainder of the universe. Both Locke and Hobbes were really of import to European history, and there is no uncertainty that political relations would be really different without them. However, it is Locke who comes closer to the perfect province. 33f