Essay about Egalitarian in Australian Society

Introduction: This paper analyzes and explains how the social class play influences social inequality in Australia, as well as how the myth of egalitarianism was created and how it is maintained. It also shows how inequality has influenced transformations in political, familial and industrial relations and how it has to be taken into account when endeavoring to come to grip with all kinds of inequalities. Due to changes in the societies, the is need to recollect the ideas of different classes, ethnical backgrounds, gender inequalities, political class, and embed them in the self, body and politics. There is a long history here that I could point to but I just want to draw out some of the more important forces operating to create the particular understandings of Australian egalitarianism. If we are going to talk about how egalitarianism became so firmly rooted in the Australian ethos we have to go back to the 19th century. According to McCarthy, the idea that Australia was relatively classless or that class did not matter very much stems back to colonial days. In its beginnings white Australia lacked the rigid class system taking shape in Great Britain. Australia did not have the traditional aristocracy of Great Britain – that group who gained their social position at the top of the tree through birth, title and rank. There were very few genuine gentlemen – people who did not need to work but were independently wealthy through inheritance. A wealthy land-owning class quickly developed but they fell below those traditional elite of Britain. Initially Australiaâ€⠄¢s class structure centered on a fairly basic division between landowners and their workers and across the 19th century it developed into a more complex system as the economy itself became more complex. So how did the idea come about that class didn’t matter very much? There were some desires to escape a rigid class structure. Firstly the argument is advanced that while there were social classes the barriers between them were fluid – there was fairly free mingling between social groups (especially in comparison to Britain) and there was also fluidity in terms of climbing the ladder that is that people, through hard work, could move from the working class to the middle and perhaps from the lower middle to the more solidly middle class. And nor in colonial Australia were the ranks of gentlemen firmly closed. This idea took hold pretty early in Australia because of instances of emancipists, former convicts, achieving comfortable lifestyles. The ex-convict who made good helped to foster the idea that people in Australia were judged on their merit rather than birth or past deeds. As a new society, with everything needing to be built from scratch, there was a lot of opportunity in Australia to ‘do well’. Australian workers were in a good position because there was a shortage of labor. Another important argument is that on the frontier people simply had to join together, regardless of class. You might remember from the early reading of Russel Ward’s description of the ‘typical’ Australian – he wrote of a fiercely independent person who hates officiousness and authority and displayed a cynical attitude to the pretensions of the wealthy and to anyone who liked to think of themselves as superior. Ward traces the development of this egalitarianism of manners to the convicts – convicts he argues developed a strong sense of community and solidarity; and a disdain for their masters. This was carried into the ‘lower orders’ more generally. Free immigrants he claims adopted the outlook of the old hands. Ward also thought that life on the frontier was important in the development of an egalitarian, collectivist ethos. People worked together – rich and poor. Success required hard work there was no real place for gentlemanl y pretensions –all needed to roll up their sleeves. And because bush life was so difficult with the population being spread over such large tracts of land for people to survive they needed to rely on one another. So class structures and more importantly class attitudes broke down. The discovery of gold in the 1850s did a lot to enhance this image of Australia. It was partly because on the goldfields former wage-earners might have been able to throw off the yoke of service and work for themselves rather than for a boss – small groups worked co-operatively without a master – bred a sense of independence – Some diggers did strike it lucky – new-found wealth enabled workers to acquire property, a house and perhaps establish a business – employees became employers. Wealth came through luck not breeding education or talent. This is a very brief historical background that goes some way to explaining the development of a strong commitment in Australia to egalitarianism. (McCarthy, 2008) According to Poleg, Egalitarianism in Australia is a dangerous indication of contemporary disparity since it reveals and makes people conscious on the way favors and resources are inequitably distributed against the expectations of the people on what they perceive as their rights. These feelings or experiences of unfairness are indelible in Australians especially as they grow through their stages of childhood socialization to adulthood. Controversies surrounding this unfairness patent themselves more explicitly at the political class as well as social life. Nevertheless, my core element is to analyze the persistent structures as well as the transformation of social inequalities since I realize that a new approach is essential. Painstaking researches have grouped these links into three categories of inequality being; Empirical reality, or the proof of its existence, Theory, or its sociological approaches and finally the individuals experience extent Egalitarianism originated during the time of the white settlements through the English prisoners who were the outcasts of the English system. Also, the struggle against the British soldiers and later, the early Australians developed types of brotherhood and mate ship among the pioneer Australians. Egalitarianism in Australia was reinforced by foreign visitors but not fully invented. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lawrence D.H visited Australia and gave some remarks through writing that Australia was a great relief in the entire atmosphere where then he cited that everybody should free in Australia. Lawrence was impressed that there was no class distinction in the entire Australian society where nobody felt special or than another. According to how Lawrence’s confession, some of the Australians were better than others but they could not show. In the 19th century, an English author called Marcus Clark wrote exclaiming that the new Australians were not nation of snobs like the English and that they were not of extravagant boosters like the Americans but a simple nation of drunkards. In addition to that, Australia is also considered to be among the pioneers of women social rights. According to the (Female suffrage act, SA) It was the second country in the world to recognize women as voters constitutionally. After the formation of the Brotherhood, inequality was highly enhanced. Australians became sexists as well as egalitarian mate-ship among males actively excluded female even though they were reluctantly accepted formally in 1885 as equal. Poverty is also another factor th at has highly affected egalitarianism since it was discovered to be among the threats to social life in Australia in the late 1960s. (Poleg, 2004) Greig, suggests that egalitarian in Australian nation or in other words classless society as he calls it, pervaded the colonial awareness at around 19th century whereby Australia emerged as a fresh economy during that period. Urbanization rate was growing tremendously at a very alarming rate leading to complex divisions of labor and then giving birth to a modern state called Australia. At that time, it became integral therefore finding a place in the global capitalist economy via the growing and exporting of crucial products where this was made easier through the mercantile ports which as well served as manufactured imports destination. Even though modern manufacturers remained embryonic at work, especially men, they were sufficient and led to the development of urban class alongside a class of pastoral capitalists and local mercantile. Toward the end of nineteenth century, egalitarianism was fully captured in Australia whereby it was simply referred to as the Workingman’s par adise; the term initially used by Henry Kingsley a novelist. Due to the fact that urban workers had recently migrated, their current status by then could not be compared to those they had left behind and this led to the reinforcement of the myth of egalitarianism in Australia. As a repercussion, the myth of workman’s paradise was misused by capitalists and statesmen since they triggered migration from the British Isles toward the workman’s paradise.   As a result, travel memoirs both local and international journals began to began to praise the kind of lifestyle that Australian working class had. They also started congratulating Australian government of for taking good care of their working class. Daily articles like the Melbourne that there was no country in the whole world which the comfort of the working class was so guaranteed and secure as Australia. It was later concluded that the working class permeated the Australian culture in terms of attitude. This led Australia to be considered as social reforms laboratory.   (Gre ig, 2003) As observed by Gregory Smith, egalitarianism has been transformed into a study which investigates qualities in Australian literature since it is among the characteristics that which celebrates the Australian national identity and character as well. The Australian identity was counterfeited in the wretchedness of pioneer era, put under a litmus paper the ‘first and the second world wars’ followed by the drastic challenges of immigration after war. Australian identity is carefree, democratic and egalitarian as Smith extols it. Due to the egalitarianism, the consciousness of Australian religion features respect among them empirically sensitive real and suspicious of theories. The mainstream culture of Australia is characterized by a firm past pioneering individualism. Australia is multi-cultural, full of skepticism and indifferent toward religion (Smith, 2001) Conclusion: Since the mid 1990s the idea of there being two Australia’s has developed – an educated, cosmopolitan and affluent urban Australia and a culturally marginalized rural or outer suburban Australia on the other. Some among the elites embraced the culturally diverse and more cosmopolitan Australia; others welcomed the more open economy. But for many ordinary Australians both the new economy and the new diverse society threatened what they saw as the Australia old. And because many did not prosper with globalization it has been easy to displace their anxieties about economic insecurity onto new immigrants and Aborigines. What we have also seen is an argument that suggests that minorities /Aborigines are privileged (getting more than a fair go) and the needs of old Anglo-Celtic Australians have been ignored. One of the more invidious developments in Australia from the mid 1990s More recently this acceptance of diversity has come under threat. And what is so fascinating is th at many in wanting to cling to a particular sort of egalitarianism have attacked minority groups as being the recipients of special privileges. Indigenous Australians, so this line of argument goes, get too many handouts. Such was the argument of new political as well as social forces that emerged in Australia in 1996. References: Poleg, D. (2004): A Short Overview of Australian Egalitarianism. OUA. Greig, A. (2003) Inequality in Australia. UTF. Smith, G. (2001): The Australian religious verse. OUP. Peeters, B. (2006): Egalitarianism in Australian discourse. UAE. Mc McCarthy, T. (2008): The myth of Egalitarianism. PCM.

Disney Strategic Initiative Paper - 1214 Words

Disney Strategic Initiative Paper Tammy Adams, Kecia Darnell, Chelsea Hensley, Elizabeth Munns, and Zameika Williams University of Phoenix FIN 370 Professor Stephen Beadnell October 18, 2010 Strategic Initiative Paper Introduction This paper will address the strategic and financial planning associated with the operations of Disney. In addition, the paper will show the correlation between strategic and financial planning. The impact of the organization’s initiative costs, sales, and associated risks the organization encounters during the financial and strategic planning will be addressed. â€Å"Thus, the financial planning process provides a tool for preparing for the future working-capital requirements of the firm.† (Keown, 2005)†¦show more content†¦However, focusing primarily on the impact the Disney Company, the effects could be more drastic. One scenario is the parties do not reach an agreement in regard to the streaming fees Disney wants to charge Netflix and the companies discontinue business. Netflix will no longer provide Disney movies for rent, this could lead to a decrease in potential sales and free advertising for Disney. It could be said that Netflix users will select from a the remainder of the selection of movies available, however, according to the article, the likelihood is that Netflix will negotiate with The Disney Company so there are no limitations put on the amount of streaming video Netflix can offer . This will actually increase the current acquisition costs for Netflix at an estimated incremental one percent acquisition cost. There will be a positive impact on sales for Disney due to the additional charges able to be acquired through attaching fees to the online streaming content. As a result of restructuring and creating multiple departments within Disney, the organization’s financial planning is efficient. The organization has identified financial goals, prioritized those goals, and developed a financial plan by using the legacy information to determine the organization’s financial forecast. The organization focuses on key relationships that will provide additional resources for the business,Show MoreRelatedDisney Strategic Planning Initiative1317 Words   |  6 Pageschance on growth and return. Strategically the initiative would be to build a relationship between three solid areas; sell the strategic need first, operational development, and financial planning. Our team paper will illustrate a strategic initiative for the Disney organization as well as identify an initiative discussed in Disney’s Annual Report. 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Counseling Micro Skills free essay sample

In counseling, the use of micro-skills such as disclosure, proxemics, and eye contact helps to strengthen the therapeutic relationship, which in turn generates a more positive counseling outcome. These skills are used as non-verbal cues of communication, and develop a positive rapport within the counseling session. Disclosure, often termed ‘self-disclosure’ is when the counselor reveals personal information about him/herself that should have beneficial effects on the client. Proxemics is the science of how the â€Å"spatial features† in one’s environment impact behaviors (Haase Dimattia, 1970, p. 319). For instance, the seating arrangement and counselor’s body posture will have effects on the client’s ability to bond with the counselor. Lastly, eye contact is necessary to show that the counselor is actively listening, interested, and empathetic to the client. A good policy for counselors to adopt is the SOLER acronym (Knapp, 2007). The counselor should sit Straight facing the client, keep legs and arms Open, Lean forward towards the client, maintain Eye contact, and appear relaxed. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Micro Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Appropriate use of these skills in both individual and couples counseling will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Individual On an individual level, the counselor may have an easier time managing each of these micro-skills. Self-disclosure can be extremely helpful in developing a therapeutic bond; however, the counselor needs carefully consider that the disclosure is beneficial to the client’s concern, rather than to the counselor (Nyman Daugherty, 2001). They should always be honest and genuine (Knapp, 2007). A counselor should not make up a story because he wants to have a better rapport with the client. Disclosures should be used sparingly, and not be lengthy in order to ensure that the focus remains on the client’s journey. A self-disclosure that would help to build rapport could be something as simple as revealing a casual shared interest, such as the counselor revealing that he is also a Pittsburgh Steelers fan. Another example of an effective disclosure could be when a client expresses sadness due to her son moving out of the house. A counselor hat has experienced the same â€Å"empty nest syndrome† in the past may want to self-disclose how difficult this was for her as well, and share a short narrative of how she found other outlets to decrease her sadness. Therefore, the counselor would be modeling coping skills to the client through self-disclosure, and could help the client explore her own outlets for coping. Seating arrangements are the start of the proxemics of t he counseling environment. Sometimes cultural differences appear in clients’ preferences for proximity in seating arrangements (Haase Dimattia, 1970). A prior awareness of the client’s culture, and an understanding of how their culture views personal space can be helpful in arranging seating. Many counselors’ offices have enough seating for more than two people; therefore the counselor should offer the client his/her choice of seats. The counselor’s chair should be facing the seating area, and adjusted so the counselor is facing the client (Knapp, 2007). Many other letters from the acronym SOLER come into play after the client has sat. The counselor should take care not to have arms or legs folded, but sit in an Open and Relaxed way that will appear inviting to the client. Posture is also an important aspect of proxemics. The counselor would not want to appear like he is ready to fall off of his chair, but he should angle himself toward the client, leaning closer during more intense or serious moments. For example, when a client is relating a story to the counselor, and the counselor leans forward during an intense moment, it shows the client that the counselor is genuinely interested, and empathetic to the client’s situation. Eye contact is used in counseling to show the client that the counselor is paying attention, and truly interested in what the client is saying. Maintaining eye contact sounds simple, but often can cause awkward moments if not done properly. Nobody wants a counseling session to feel like a staring contest. A counselor should maintain eye contact when the client is speaking, but also tend to other nonverbal clues the client may be sending through posture, hand motions, or facial expressions (Knapp, 2007). The counselor should also do the same while speaking to the client in order to perceive if the client truly understands what is being said. Couples Many of the same aspects of using micro-skills in individual counseling also apply to couples counseling. However, maintaining equilibrium between each of the clients can make perfecting these skills slightly more difficult. Self-disclosure especially can be difficult, because the counselor should not make any disclosures that appear like she is taking sides. An example of inappropriate disclosure would be if the client revealed that she is lonely when her husband is on the road, and the counselor disclosed that her husband travels also, and can relate to her feelings of loneliness. This may leave the husband feeling as though the counselor is on the wife’s side, and damage the therapeutic relationship. On the other hand, the counselor could reveal to the couple that her husband also travels for his job, but that they focus on having quality time together rather than quantity time. This may help the clients realize that with mutual effort, and guidance from the counselor that they, too, could find more quality time. Proxemics and eye contact also need to be dealt with carefully during a couples counseling session. The counselor should make sure that he is seated in a near equal distance from the couple. This can sometimes be difficult, so ensuring the seating logistics are acceptable ahead of time may be helpful. Through proper seating the counselor should be able to posture appropriately without showing favor towards one client or the other. The counselor should also maintain eye contact with whoever is speaking for the majority of the statements, but should utilize eye contact with the other client in the room occasionally during this time (Laureate Education Inc. , 2010). While the counselor is speaking, she should try to keep eye contact with both clients. When directing a question or comment to only one of the clients, she should look directly at that client. The counselor must perform a juggling act of sorts, always maintaining some form of eye contact with each client throughout the session in order look for nonverbal cues. If a client is speaking about how he works hard for a living, and he should be allowed to drink when he gets off of work, the counselor should be making eye contact with the husband, but also watching the wife’s reaction. If the counselor notices that the wife is crying, he may want to break eye contact and look over to her as a nonverbal cue for the husband to notice how upset she is. Conclusion The use of micro-skills is an art to the counseling profession. Many of these skills are used in everyday conversations, and communications. Effective use of disclosure, proxemics, and eye contact within the counseling session will greatly improve the therapeutic bond that is imperative to positive counseling outcome.

Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay Research free essay sample

Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay, Research Paper Ever since the two work forces themselves walked the Earth, there has been well argument as to whether the political idea of Thomas Hobbes or John Locke was closer to the truth. Hobbes, characterized as the # 8220 ; Apologist for Absolutism # 8221 ; in The Western Heritage, believed that the natural province of adult male was one of uninterrupted competition and would by and large be # 8220 ; lone, hapless, awful, beastly and short. # 8221 ; Therefore, he believed in a strong absolute sovereign to maintain the people under control. Locke, called the # 8220 ; Defender of Moderate Liberty # 8221 ; by the text edition, by and large believed that in a natural province, adult male would be merely as concerned with the rights of others as with their ain. Therefore, authorities was to do certain that everyone # 8217 ; s rights were protected. In my sentiment, neither of these work forces are wholly right with their idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, if I was to populate in a society governed by the idea of one of these two work forces, I would take to populate in one designed by Locke. Hobbes # 8217 ; instead pessimistic position of human nature renders his political idea doubtful. In his position, adult male exists merely for bodily pleasance and other such selfish pleasances. Although there is some truth to that, his call for tyranny on those evidences is dubious at best. In add-on, Hobbes places all the duty for forestalling adult male from misconducting in the custodies of the absolute sovereign. How can he be so certain that this swayer will non be dominated by his ain hopelessly selfish will? If his idea is right, the swayer will utilize this power over the people for his ain sole addition. To do the state of affairs worse, in Hobbes # 8217 ; system the people are unable to hold any state in their opinion. Unless the common mans were awful and beastly in their nature and the sovereign baronial and generous, his system would non work. Last, history has shown that tyranny leads to widespread opposition. In France during the late 18th century, for illustration , the hesitation of the monarchy led to the celebrated revolution that everlastingly cast uncertainty on tyranny. Populating in a system designed by Hobbes would do the common adult male # 8217 ; s life much worse. Although Locke # 8217 ; s idea is non unflawed, his society would bring forth much more favourable life conditions. The true nature of adult male is someplace between the beliefs of Locke and Hobbes, with a inclination to be closer to Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account. Man is neither every bit sinister as Hobbes # 8217 ; position, yet is non every bit virtuous as Locke believes. However, this works good with Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account for authorities, which was to continue the rights of the people. Whether knowing or non, Locke left some room in his political idea to let for the Acts of the Apostless of arrant selfishness that he left out of his thesis on the human spirit. In Hobbes # 8217 ; societal theoretical account, the halting of aggression from one adult male to the following does non do up for the loss of freedom to the cardinal sovereign. His limited authoritiess could protect the rights of everyone while non forestalling people from acting of course. In my low sentiment, this protection of basic rights while keeping most freedoms would measure up as the ideal province. Finally, an analysis of most modern media, from the intelligence to films and beyond, reveals that freedom is really of import to most people. That one time once more shows that freedom is the natural province of adult male, and nil short of that will last for excessively long. Overall, the thoughts of Locke are much more appealing due to his cardinal thoughts about the human spirit. Those thoughts had a batch of influence on many subsequently political philosophers, and everlastingly changed the political relations of both Europe and the remainder of the universe. Both Locke and Hobbes were really of import to European history, and there is no uncertainty that political relations would be really different without them. However, it is Locke who comes closer to the perfect stat vitamin E. Bibliography Ever since the two work forces themselves walked the Earth, there has been well argument as to whether the political idea of Thomas Hobbes or John Locke was closer to the truth. Hobbes, characterized as the # 8220 ; Apologist for Absolutism # 8221 ; in The Western Heritage, believed that the natural province of adult male was one of uninterrupted competition and would by and large be # 8220 ; lone, hapless, awful, beastly and short. # 8221 ; Therefore, he believed in a strong absolute sovereign to maintain the people under control. Locke, called the # 8220 ; Defender of Moderate Liberty # 8221 ; by the text edition, by and large believed that in a natural province, adult male would be merely as concerned with the rights of others as with their ain. Therefore, authorities was to do certain that everyone # 8217 ; s rights were protected. In my sentiment, neither of these work forces are wholly right with their idea. However, if I was to populate in a society governed by the idea of one of these two work forces, I would take to populate in one designed by Locke. Hobbes # 8217 ; instead pessimistic position of human nature renders his political idea doubtful. In his position, adult male exists merely for bodily pleasance and other such selfish pleasances. Although there is some truth to that, his call for tyranny on those evidences is dubious at best. In add-on, Hobbes places all the duty for forestalling adult male from misconducting in the custodies of the absolute sovereign. How can he be so certain that this swayer will non be dominated by his ain hopelessly selfish will? If his idea is right, the swayer will utilize this power over the people for his ain sole addition. To do the state of affairs worse, in Hobbes # 8217 ; system the people are unable to hold any state in their opinion. Unless the common mans were awful and beastly in their nature and the sovereign baronial and generous, his system would non work. Last, history has shown that tyranny leads to widespread opposition. In France during the late 18th century, for illustration , the hesitation of the monarchy led to the celebrated revolution that everlastingly cast uncertainty on tyranny. Populating in a system designed by Hobbes would do the common adult male # 8217 ; s life much worse. Although Locke # 8217 ; s idea is non unflawed, his society would bring forth much more favourable life conditions. The true nature of adult male is someplace between the beliefs of Locke and Hobbes, with a inclination to be closer to Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account. Man is neither every bit sinister as Hobbes # 8217 ; position, yet is non every bit virtuous as Locke believes. However, this works good with Locke # 8217 ; s theoretical account for authorities, which was to continue the rights of the people. Whether knowing or non, Locke left some room in his political idea to let for the Acts of the Apostless of arrant selfishness that he left out of his thesis on the human spirit. In Hobbes # 8217 ; societal theoretical account, the halting of aggression from one adult male to the following does non do up for the loss of freedom to the cardinal sovereign. His limited authoritiess could protect the rights of everyone while non forestalling people from acting of course. In my low sentiment, this protection of basic rights while keeping most freedoms would measure up as the ideal province. Finally, an analysis of most modern media, from the intelligence to films and beyond, reveals that freedom is really of import to most people. That one time once more shows that freedom is the natural province of adult male, and nil short of that will last for excessively long. Overall, the thoughts of Locke are much more appealing due to his cardinal thoughts about the human spirit. Those thoughts had a batch of influence on many subsequently political philosophers, and everlastingly changed the political relations of both Europe and the remainder of the universe. Both Locke and Hobbes were really of import to European history, and there is no uncertainty that political relations would be really different without them. However, it is Locke who comes closer to the perfect province. 33f

Hidden Intellectualism Summary free essay sample

In Hidden Intellectualism by Gerald Graff, he begins with the argument of â€Å"street-smarts† versus â€Å"school-smarts†. Graff explains that school-smarts can be hidden within street smarts and can be learnt through not just talking with friends, but also from the media and our surroundings, hence the â€Å"hidden† intellectualism. He goes onto explain that â€Å"schools and colleges overlook the intellectual potential of street-smarts† (198) because these types of intellectualism are actually considered anti-intellectualism. Graff then begins to discuss that intellectualism is often looked down upon within schools, and people that are considered â€Å"school-smart† are seen as nerdy, or boring. We learn that as a child, Graff was afraid of bullying and name-calling so he did not show his intellectual side out of fear. As he wanted to be accepted so badly, he decided to become an â€Å"inarticulate, carefully hiding telltale marks of literacy like correct grammar and pronunciation†. Through this, he discovered that he was still able to show his intellectual side by using arguing and reasoning strategies while talking about subjects such as sports and toughness with his friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Hidden Intellectualism Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Graff describes how important it is to teach hidden intellectualism to children that don’t realize it’s inside of them. He describes that if children are able to discuss topics such as today’s music, entertainment, and sports then they can hopefully progress more easily into subjects such as literature, and courses of more difficulty throughout their schooling. Also, if students are asked to write papers on articles such as â€Å"Sports Illustrated† or â€Å"Vogue† they would become more comfortable writing and analyzing books or articles of a more difficult nature. Graff explains that he is not insisting that children write about cars, sports, or fashion etc in a â€Å"cop-out† kind of way, but to write about them through â€Å"academic eyes†, and in an analytical and reflective way. Gerald Graff believed that street smarts beat out school smarts in our culture because they seem to satisfy the intellectual thirst more than the boring and unreal school culture. He goes onto explain that by talking about subjects such as sports, one is able to experience the topics of arguments, debates, and even statistics in a way that the subjects in school could not live up to. We see him talk about how everyday culture can be applied to the world much more than the topics and readings we learn about in school, as this culture is able to be talked about more enthusiastically with someone one had just met. Children would also be able to look at the world in a different light, as they would be learning essential life skills and essential knowledge in an interesting, exciting way. Graff faults the schooling systems for not being able to grasp his youthful attention and the attention of so many of today’s children. Graff closes by saying that helping children find their intellectualism within themselves is still a work in progress. Intellectualism is most often described as someone who has a vast amount of knowledge, is well spoken, and most people’s idea of intelligence is someone who is â€Å"book smart†. Book Smart would be described as someone who van write and converse about subjects that are most often taught in school. Another type of â€Å"smart† would be someone who is known as â€Å"street smart†. They are seen as intellectuals who are knowledgeable in the world around them, and today’s culture, and individuals who learn through personal experiences. In the essay Hidden Intellectualism, by Gerald Graff he insists that schools and universities/colleges are missing an opportunity to turn street smarts into book smarts. Most schools believe that only certain topics such as Shakespeare are proper for a learning environment; this is why we see today’s cultures topics are often not brought up at school. When Graff says, â€Å"We assume that it’s possible to wax intellectual about Plato, Shakespeare, the French Revolution, and nuclear fission, but not about cars, dating, fashion, sports, TV or video games. † (199) he is agreeing with this. He is basically saying that just because a student’s knowledge is not coming from the curriculum, it doesn’t mean that it isn’t important. Children should be able to take their hobbies and interests and incorporate them into academic study. The concept of learning is not only gained at school, it is gained everywhere in the outside world. Children often do not realize that by talking about pop culture, latest news, or sports, they are actually building up their hidden intellectualism. Graff states â€Å"It was in reading and arguing about sports and toughness that I experienced what it felt like to propose a generalization, restate and respond to a counterargument, and perform other intellectualizing operations, including composing the kind of sentences I am writing now† (201-202). Graff is saying that even though he was not learning these things in an academic environment, he was still learning the principles that his teacher were trying to teach him at school. References: Graff, Gerald. Comment on Sandra Stotskys Book Review. American Journal of Education 112.1 (2005): 153-156. Guide, M. L. A., et al. A Version Control Problem and its Novel Solution Featured. Henfield, Malik S., James L. Moore III, and Chris Wood. Inside and outside gifted education programming: Hidden challenges for African American students. Exceptional Children 74.4 (2008): 433-450. Thiele, S. J. Anti Intellectualism and the ‘Aboriginal Problem: Colin Tatz and the ‘Self Determination’Approach. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 14.3 (1984): 165-178. Lynch, Kathleen. The hidden curriculum: reproduction in education, a reappraisal. Psychology Press, 1989. Green, Peter. Strepsiades, Socrates and the abuses of intellectualism. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 20.1 (1979): 15.

Inflation and Aggregate Expenditure Essays

Inflation and Aggregate Expenditure Essays Inflation and Aggregate Expenditure Essay Inflation and Aggregate Expenditure Essay A change in all of the following will cause a shift in the consumption function, EXCEPT: A. Investment 2. Planned investment is a function of which of the following variables? C. Technology 3. The planned investment function shows the relationship between planned investment and the real rate of interest, thus the planned investment curve is ____________________. A decrease in the price of capital will cause this curve to ___________________. D. Downward sloping; shift outward 4. An increase in the foreign price level relative to the U. S. price level would cause the import (IM) function to: B. Shift downward 5. An increase in the real rate of interest would lead to which of the following outcomes? A. A decrease in consumption B. A decrease in planned investment C. A decrease in planned aggregate expenditure D. All of the above 6. The planned aggregate expenditure (PAE) curve/line is: A. Upward sloping 7. The import function is _______________ , while the net export function is __________. D. Upward sloping; downward sloping 8. An income tax decrease for individual consumers will cause the planned aggregate expenditure function to: A. Shift upward 9. An increase in the real rate of interest will cause the planned aggregate expenditure function to: B. Shift downward 10. Economic activity moves from a period of expansion to a _______ and then moves into a period of _______ until it reaches a _____. B. Peak, recession; trough 11. Potential output is: D. The maximum sustainable amount of output. 12. Planned investment may differ from actual investment because of: C. Unplanned changes in inventories. 13. The consumption function is the relationship between consumption and: D. Its determinants, such as disposable income. 14. The slope of the consumption function: D. Equals the mpc. 15. The tendency of changes in asset prices to affect spending on consumption goods is called the _____ effect. C. Wealth 16. When housing prices decrease, household wealth _____ and consumption _____. C. Decreases; decreases 17. The marginal propensity to consume is the: B. Amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by $1. 18. Under the fixed price model where expected inflation is zero, an increase in government spending in the short run will lead to which of the following? A. An upward shift in the planned aggregate expenditure function B. An increase in real income C. An increase in the nominal rate of interest D. An increase in the real rate of interest E. All of the above 19. The difference between potential output and actual output is called the____________. C. Output gap 20. The primary difference between active fiscal policy and automatic stabilizers in regards to their lagged impacts, is that active fiscal policy does not contain an inside lag period, while the automatic stabilizers do contain an inside lag period B. False 21. If the economy experiences a credit crunch all of the following are true EXCEPT: D. The interest rate on bonds rises 22. To close a recessionary gap, the Fed ____ interest rates which ______ planned aggregate spending and _____ short-run equilibrium output. A. Lowers; increases; increases 23. The aggregate demand curve shows the relationship between output and the ______ rate. D. Inflation 24. In the long run, an increase in the nominal money supply will cause the inflation rate to: A. Increase. 25. In the long run, an increase in the nominal money supply will cause output to: C. Remain unchanged. 26. In the long run, an increase in the nominal money supply will cause the nominal interest rate to: C. Remain unchanged. 27. The macroeconomy is comprised of four primary markets: the labor market, the goods market, the money market, and the bond market. What is the minimum number of these individual markets that must be in equilibrium to ensure that the whole macroeconomy is equilibrium? C. 3 28. The aggregate demand curve is: B. Downward sloping 29. An increase in the actual rate of inflation will cause the aggregate demand curve to: C. Not shift 30. Which of the following will result in an outward shift in the aggregate demand curve? A. An increase in government spending B. A decrease in taxes C. An increase in the money supply D. All of the above 31. The long-run aggregate supply curve is___________, while the short-run aggregate supply curve is______________. D. Vertical; upward sloping 32. According to the Fisher Effect, a 3% increase in expected inflation leads to a 3% increase in the real rate of interest. B. False 33. An increase in expected inflation in the long-run will lead to each of the following outcomes EXCEPT: A. A decrease in the nominal rate of interest 34. In the short run, an increase in government spending will cause the inflation rate to: A. Increase. 35. In the short run, an increase in government spending will cause output to: A. Increase. 36. In the short run, an increase in government spending will cause the nominal interest rate to: A. Increase. 7. In the short run, an increase in government spending will cause planned investment to: B. Decrease. EC202 Exam III Form A Part II 1. Using the following graph to answer the questions below. Assume planned investment, government purchases, net exports, and net taxes are autonomous variables. The only component of planned aggregate expenditure that depends on income is cons umption. Assume you at currently at equilibrium marked by the â€Å"x† and the vertical line is the potential output of Y*. (1 pt. each question) A. What is the output gap in this economy? Output Gap = Actual – Potential = 150 – 300 = -150 Billion B. Given the above scenario, is this economy experiencing a recessionary gap, an expansionary gap, or no gap in output? Recessionary Gap C. In order for the government to eliminate the output, by how much would the government need to increase their expenditures? The government would need to increase their expenditures by 50 billion as that would cause the PAE curve to shift upward to the new equilibrium. D. Given the above scenario, what is the economy’s marginal propensity to consume (MPC)? The MPC in this scenario is equivalent to the slope of the PAE curve. We calculate slope as rise/run†¦. thus (150-50)/(150-0) = 100/150 = . 7 Schaffer 12/6 7 E. What is the income-expenditure multiplier in this economy? (Continued from 1. ) Income Multiplier = 1/(1-MPC) = 1/(1-. 67) = 1/. 33 = 3. 00 2. Compare and contrast between automatic stabilizers, active fiscal policy, and monetary policy. Be sure to fully explain each variant of policy, provide examples of each type of policy, and explain which policy action is the fastest using the lag terms we discussed. (6 pts) Automatic Stabilizers are provisions in the law that imply automatic increases in government spending or decreases in taxes when real output (income) declines. A good example of an automatic stabilizer is unemployment compensation. Active fiscal policy consists of actions taken on behalf of the government to change a law or pass a bill to enact some form of stimulus. A good example of this type of policy was the TARP package or the stimulus passed by George W. Bush at the onset of the financial crisis. Monetary policy are actions taken by the Federal Reserve to stimulate the economy via open market operations, changes in the discount rate, or changes in the required reserve ratio. Since the automatic stabilizers contain no inside lag it is the fastest policy action. However, in terms of policy that needs to be implemented, monetary policy is faster than fiscal policy as the action lag for the Fed is much faster than the active fiscal policy. Schaffer 12/6 8 3. Using the AD/AS model that we developed in class, explain the impacts of a decrease in taxes by the government in the long run. Specifically your final answer should clearly state the overall impact on output, inflation, the nominal and real interest rate, and planned investment. As in the class example, you may assume that expected inflation is zero. 6 pts) Increase in output | inflation, nominal and real interest rates, and planned investments are all indeterminate 4. Using the AD/AS model that we developed in class, explain the impacts of a credit crunch in the short run. Specifically your final answer should clearly state the overall impact on output, inflation, the nominal and real interest rate, and planned investment. As in the class example, you may assume that expected inflation i s zero. (6 pts) Decrease in output | decrease in inflation | decrease in nominal and real interest rates | Increase in planned investment Schaffer 12/6 9 5. Using the AD/AS model that we developed in class, explain the impacts of an increase in average labor productivity on economic growth (obviously this is a long run question). Specifically your final answer should clearly state the overall impact on output, inflation, the nominal and real interest rate, and planned investment. As in the class example, you may assume that expected inflation is zero. (6 pts) Increase in output | decrease in inflation | nominal and real interest rates and planned investment are indeterminate

American women's history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American women's history - Essay Example Moral control, high wages and more interesting lifestyle than that of the farms attracted them. However, the factory environment had harsh working conditions, which put their lives at great risk. They also worked for long hours. Later, the great depression that took place between 1929 and 1939 led to the lowering of the women’s wages, which made them to boycott the factories. They eventually managed to obtain reasonable wages thus maintaining their jobs. However, the poor working conditions persisted and they felt insecure because there were other women who strived for the same job and were even willing to receive lower wages. Among these women, there were two types of feminism. First type of feminism consisted of women who greatly cared about the handicaps and wrongs under which women suffered and who admitted the equal significance of other social injustices. They recognized the interrelationship between women question with other great questions. Anderson says that this was a perfectly good kind of feminism. The second type of feminism put the woman question first and above all other issues. To them, what was done with womens problems solely determined the solution of all others. This group insisted upon the rights of a woman no matter what happened to other rights. The groups were similar in that they felt societys discrimination upon women both in the past and presently. However, they differed in their attitude toward the society that is, in their sense of proportion. There was also the more practical woman who was more moderate, saw and worked with facts. Lastly, there were the theorists who had a single abstract principle in mind, ignored facts persistently, and clung to abstractions devotedly. Feminists objected the labor laws as in as far as jobs were concerned; they put women on a different legal basis from men. They therefore fought for industrial equality. Labor laws limited

Diversity Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity Programs - Essay Example William Sonnenschein also talks about this problem in his book, The Diversity Toolkit: How You Can Build and Benefit from a Diverse Workforce. â€Å"The demographics of the workplace are changing and will continue change rapidly...Workforce diversity... presents one of the greatest challenges facing todays organization†. As different humans could only create a different working culture, the success rate to form a single working culture will be minimal. But, if a common and winnable working culture is ‘operationalised’, through out the organization, the organization will be a success story. And, the script for this success story can only be scripted, by an effective leader or manager. So, if I have been a manager, I would impose my own assumptions as a form of single work culture and thereby will suppress the prevailing different cultures. One of the important first tasks of a leader in an organization is the creation of a common working culture. That is, the task of the leader is to create a working culture, embed the working culture in the working group and environment, sustain it and also rectify it, when faults occur. As leaders are the man in lead, they usually have a major impact on how the group initially defines and sets into an organization. Typically, the leaders or managers will have strong assumptions about the nature of the world, the role that organizations play in that world, the characteristics that make up human nature and relationships, how truth is arrived at, and how to manage time and space. They will, therefore, be quite comfortable in imposing those views and personal cultures, on their partners and employees as the organization copes with challenges and targets. This imposition of founder’s assumptions, as a form of good culture is one of the good leadership traits. The workers mind will always be receptive to the leaders’ or managers’ views, orders, suggestions etc

What factors makes young online customer satisfied Essay

What factors makes young online customer satisfied - Essay Example As a consequence, a large amount of money has not only been put in marketing the products that companies have to offer but also in their improvement to make them more attractive to young customers. The marketing of products for young online consumers should not only be done at a local level, but the marketing campaigns of Reel Tributes, for example, are also be done at a regional, national, and international level. This is the best way to ensure that the products reach a wider audience than they would normally have if marketing were done at only the local level. While online marketing targeting young customers can be considered an important tool that can be used by companies, such as Reel Tributes, to gain an understanding of their customers who buy their products, it is not necessarily the only one. This process has to be augmented by this company ensuring that there are open lines of communication available between them and their young customers throughout that ensure that there is an understanding, which helps in the determination of a good and effective relationship. When conducting online marketing, the company’s management must ensure that each customer is given a perspective of the product that is thoughtful and careful so that the customer can make an accurate assessment of it. In order for an online marketing strategy for a product to be successful, the company must display a willingness to conduct a type of marketing that is both constructive and objective (Bailey 2012, p.24). In addition, Reel Tributes must ensure that it creates a situation where its customers display a willingness to take positively all the suggestions that are made to them, and to be able to work with the company to ensure that the products they receive are enhanced to their satisfaction. The professionalism of the marketing staff should enable the various companies making the product to compete effectively against other companies attempting to market similar products and i n fact, it gives these companies an edge over others. An organization should always aim at being the best in the marketing of its products, especially those meant for young customers, so that the ranking of its competitors in the marketing business should show the top quality of work that is done within it. The marketing of products for online customers should be done using all the media available, both visual and print, to ensure that a much wider audience is reached than anticipated. This will guarantee the success of the product within the market for a long time since the marketing strategy adopted would be one, which retains the attention of its audience. One of the best means through which the product can be marketed is online since there are billions of users of the internet who would be a ready audience. Most of those who use the internet today are young people and these are more likely than not to choose to make purchases online as well as be audiences for the online marketi ng strategies that various companies may choose to use. Because the internet is a leading tool in marketing, this is where most companies and other institutions go to when they need to acquire products for the use of their clients, marketing online ensures that clients stay up to date with the current product so that they are able to get the best out of it. The marketing of products aimed at young online consumers has become wide as a concept and has developed into a set of practices under

Dynasties Of The Byzantine Empire History Essay

Dynasties Of The Byzantine Empire History Essay The history of the Byzantine Empire begins with the tetrarchy introduced by the Roman Emperor Diocletian in 286 CE and the founding of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in 330 CE by Constantine I. Diocletian had established a tetrarchy. The empire gets its name from Byzantium the former name Constantinople. Once Constantine changed its name to Constantinople, he did not hesitate to call it the new Rome making it more important than the waning power of Rome. When Constantine came to power he put an end to tetrarchy replacing it with hereditary succession. Although a part of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire was more Greek than Roman. The principle language was Greek and not Latin and people adopted Christianity sooner than the Romans. Dynasties of the Byzantine empire The tradition of dynastic rulers based on hereditary succession was laid down by Constantine (324-337 CE) which continued until Emperor Justinian. This dynasty was also called the Neo Flavian dynasty as every ruler bore the name Flavian. Constantine Dynasty (306 CE to 363 CE) The Constantinian Dynasty (C. 306 CE to 361 CE) ruled over an empire covering portions of Egypt, Syria and the Balkans (considered to be covering Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova). Emperor Valens (364-378 CE) was the patron of the Valentinian Dynasty. Constantine was a farsighted ruler who had introduced many administrative reforms to upgrade the socio-political structure of the empire. He introduced the gold solidus (coins) which stabilised the economy as it was highly prized. Mosaic of Constantine in Hagia Sophia The strategic location of Constantinople on the trade route between the East and the West overlooking the Danube River helped Constantine to use to his advantage. He strengthened the army and extended the fortifications of Constantinople making them impossible to conquer. To ward off the continuous attacks of foreigners Constantine had started a system of giving subsidies (purportedly 300kg gold annually) and also favoured merchants who traded with the Huns and other foreign groups. Constantines successors worked towards dividing the civil and military authorities which persisted until the seventh century. They further strengthened the defences of Constantinople. The Eastern Empire was spared the hardships of the West thanks to effective administration and able rulers. Under Constantine Christianity received royal patronage in the form of generous privileges by the emperor. This helped the religion to reach the masses. The Constantine Dynaty was followed by non dynastic rulers from 363 CE to 364 CE followed by the Valentian dynasty from 364 CE to 379 CE. Under Arcadius, a ruler from the Theodosian dynasty (379 to 457 CE) the Roman Empire was permanently divided to form the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 395 CE. Leonid Dynasty (457 CE to 518 CE) This dynasty was founded by Leo I (457-474 CE) who made an unsuccessful attempt to reconquering the imperial parts of North Africa. His son-in-law Zeno (474-491 CE) succeeded him as the next emperor as his own son Leo II died after serving for only one year. When the Western Roman Empire fell, Zeno was in charge in the East. Zeno tried to get back the Western Empire by sending a Gothic warrior Theodoric I as the commander-in-chief of Italy. Although Theodoric ruled as an independent king, Zeno maintained at least a nominal supremacy over the Western Empire. Justinian Dynasty (518 CE to 602 CE) Justinian I (527-656 CE) the successor to the founder of the dynasty Justin I, was perhaps the only king who embarked upon the ambitious task of uniting the Western and the Eastern Empire. Justinian brought great prosperity to his kingdom. Although an ambitious ruler, some of his policies were unpopular with the masses. This unpopularity nearly cost him his crown during the Nika Riots (532 CE). His queenTheodora encouraged him to suppress the riots rather than beat a hasty retreat. 30,000 civilians are believed to have been killed in Justinians attempt to suppress the riots. Motivating words of Queen Thoedora that prompted Justinian I to face the Nika Riots were Those who have worn the crown should never survive its loss. Never will I see the day when I am not saluted as empress.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Royalty is a fine burial shroud, or perhaps, [the royal color] Purple makes a fine winding sheet. He reclaimed the province of North Africa in 533 CE which had been lost to the Vandals. He reached as far as Italy and defeated the weak Ostrogoths. But the Ostrogoths soon rearranged themselves and came back with double force and evicted his general Belisarius. Justinian entered into a number of treaties with the neighbouring kingdoms to ward off the continuous threat of invasion. By 555 CE, Justinian had won victories in most places except the Balkan territory which was continually invaded by the Slavs. Justinian became universally famous for revising the old Roman legal code and creating the new corpus of laws popularly known as Justinians Code. The code serves as a basis for civil law even today and provides a valuable insight to historians into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire. Justinian was a devout Orthodox Christian which made him intolerable not only to other religions but even to differing ideologies within Christianity. He had become a patron of Christianity and has even been mentioned in the Bible as a saint. He regulated everything related to religion and law. The bishops of the Church recognised that nothing could be done without the will of the emperor. He brutally suppressed any heresy by opponents of the Church. He promoted monasticism, granting the monks many rights which were earlier considered a taboo, like owning property. He granted them the right to inherit property from private citizens and and revoked the ir right to receive solemnia or the monks right to receive gifts from the imperial treasury or from the taxes of certain provinces. He aalso prohibited confiscation of monastic estates for any reason. Justinian rebuilt the Church of Hagia Sophia which had been destroyed during the Nika Riots. It served as the principal church of the Byzantine Empire. BYZANTINE ART AND ARCHITECTURE Byzantine art was an extension of the Roman art. As Roman art itself was inspired by the Greek art, one can see similarity among the three. However Byzantine art differed with the latter two in its approach which was more abstract than realistic. The figures and figurines in the Byzantine art appear flat and one dimensional with little use of shadow to give a life-like appearance. Faces were long and narrow devoid of any reality. The sixth century was regarded as the Golden Age of Byzantine art. One can see a considerable shift in the thinking and application of art in this period. Mathematics was regarded as the highest science and Justinian had appointed Anthemius of Tralles, a mathematician, as one of Hagia Sophias architect. Anthemius described architecture as an application of geometry to solid matter. The architecture differs from the traditional style in its execution of the domes and columns. The domes are more semi-circular than the almost circular patterns found in the West. Most of the art depicts scenes from the life of Christ. One of the most important genres of Byzantine art was the icon, an image of Christ, Virgin Mary or a saint. The kings too found a place of reverence in these religious temples. MOSAICS Mosaics were more central to the Byzantine Empire than where they originated the Western Roman Empire. Mosaics were not only found in churches but in every household in the form of small icons to commemorate the life and times of Christ. Some even depicted routine life. Mosaic art was at its peak during the fifth and sixth centuries. (From left to right) Mosaic depicting daily life; an iconic mosaic from the Patmos Monastery, Greece and a Gladiator mosaic found in Cyprus Boy and Donkey, Byzantine Mosaic HAGIA SOPHIA According to historians the foundation of Hagia Sophia was laid by Constantine I. The Church was built in three phases. The first church was by Constantius II in 360 CE and the second by Theodosius II in 415 CE. During the Nika riots in 532 CE the church was burned to the ground. Justinian built the third phase which is still intact. The Hagia Sophia Museum as it stands today-the minarets were added by the OttomansJustinian was very ambitious about the Hagia Sophia church. The church was constructed so magnificently that when it was completed, he exclaimed, Solomon, I have outdone thee! He called it the Church of Holy Wisdom. He had bought the most exotic and majestic materials from all over the Roman Empire eastern as well western. The Hellenistic columns were ordered from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, large stones from the quarries in Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, Greece; black stone from the Bosporus region, and yellow stone from Syria. Some of the few surviving mosaics from the Hagia Sophia Christ and the Virgin Mary THE BASILICA OF SAN VITALE Ravenna served as a Byzantine centre in the Italian heartland and many structures were constructed in the city. The Church of San Vitale is one of the finest examples of Byzantine art and architecture in the Western Roman Empire. Although the architect of the structure is unknown, it was sponsored by a Greek banker Julius Argentarius around 527 CE. The Church is a fine combination of Roman and Byzantine art. It has the Roman elements of archways, domes and stepped towers and the Byzantine legacy of polygonal apse (semi circular, arched space in the wall- significant to Byzantine art), pillars, columns and narrow bricks. Justinian with his soldiers and the clergy San Vitale is famous for the mosaic panels of Emperor Justinian and his queen Theodora. The mosaic of Justinian says a lot about his power and position. He is standing in the middle with soldiers to his right and the clergy on his left including Bishop Maximianus, emphasising Justinian as the leader of both church and the State. He is clad in purple, the royal colour and has a golden halo, which gives him the same status as Christ. Theodora too is depicted as a goddess, solemn and humble, carrying the chalice that holds the holy wine. She is flanked by priests on the right who are escorting her in the church and a court of ladies on the left. Theodora being escorted to the Church ANALYSE THIS! Theodora, before marrying Justinian was a public entertainer. In those days, this profession was not considered worthy of respect. According to church laws, such women were not well received. However Justinian fell madly in love with Theodora and in order to make her his queen, abrogated the law and in fact provided better protection for women offenders and created separate cells for women offenders guarded by women guards. Consider the above incident and reflect on what this incident tells us about the power that Justinian held over the Church? How has religion become a tool in the hands of the powerful? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦abrogated the law and in fact provided better protection for womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Is it applicable to the present times? Support your answerwith reasons. Laws have been held to have absolute power; however they have been twisted and amended to suit ones need, usually of the powerful. In the present context have you come across any such arbitrary law? Name it/ them and explain why you feel they are arbitrary. Use your grey cellsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Beauty in Wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Read the following article Talking Turkeyby eminent columnist Jug Suriya describing the beauty of Istanbul, Turkey. Courtesy blog Juggle- Bandhifeaturing in the Times of India website. TURKINAMA TALK TURKEY Istanbul has witnessed the seesaw of history between East and West Bunny and i take a boat from Europe to Asia. The journey lasts 20 minutes. We are in Istanbul, and the ferry takes us from Eminonu, which is on the European side of the city, to Uskudar, which is on the Asian side, on the other shore of the Bosphorus. Istanbul formerly known as Constantinople, after the Christian emperor Constantine is the fabled meeting place of Europe and Asia, East and West. The sprawling city of 22 million people is strikingly beautiful, a challenge to the artists brush, the poets phrase. Seven low hills crouch down to the sun-spangled Sea of Marmara, flanked on one side by the Bosphorus, which links it to the Black Sea, and on the other side by the inlet of the Golden Horn. The water is so blue that it has given us the word turquoise, a colour originating in Turkey. Europe and Asia, East and West, rub shoulders in comfortable familiarity. Sleek, French-built tramcars glide noiselessly down broad thoroughfares bounded by bustling pavements where designer-ripped jeans and hijabs go hand in hand. The slender minarets of a myriad mosques conjure a communion of earth and sky, and hard rock discos coexist with dervishes whirling in Sufi ecstasy. In the Grand Bazaar in Beyazit, the fixed price rigidity of the western supermarket is made flexible and fluent by the eastern art of bargaining, for anything and everything, from carpets and spices, to 22-carat gold jewellery and cellphone cards, for the sheer pleasure of it. For what better way for customer and shopkeeper to spend the day than in spirited negotiation, over endless tiny cups of thick, treacle-sweet coffee? This co-mingling of East and West is best represented by the many-domed Ayasofya, billed as one of the most wondrous buildings in the world. Originally called Hagia Sophia, it was built in the sixth century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and for almost a thousand years it was said to be the worlds largest Christian church. In the 15th century, after Sultan Mehmed II seized Constantinople and changed its name to Istanbul, which simply means The City, Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque and renamed Ayasofya. Five hundred years later, Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, made it into a museum. Ataturk often said to be Turkeys counterpart of Russias Peter the Great tried to westernise his country by making it into a secular state, introducing the Latin alphabet, and adopting the European hat as the national headgear instead of the traditional fez. Today, Ayasofya is still a museum, thronged by visitors who strain their necks to stare in wonder at the mosaic-encrusted central dome, so high that it can accommodate the Statue of Liberty. But Turkey has voted in favour of an Islamic government instead of Ataturks secular dispensation, a development which is one of the impediments to the countrys desired membership of the all-Christian European Union. East or West? The seesaw of history has yet to settle which of the two Turkey really belongs to. Or perhaps it belongs to both, and in doing so belongs to neither. For Istanbul, more than any other city, is historic proof that East and West are arbitrary geographical and cultural constructs which increasingly are becoming interchangeable with each other. Long before globalisation became a catchphrase, Istanbul that once was Constantinople was living proof of a cosmopolitan universality which underlies the cosmetic changes that history makes on the face of time. We take the ferry from Uskudar back to Eminonu, from Asia to Europe, from East to West. And were still in the same place, still in Istanbul, still in the city which could be given a name no other than The City, unique unto itself. Task If you had the choice, which city would you like to visit a city of antiquity and why? LIFE IN THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY The Eastern Roman Empire was the most prosperous civilisation from the beginning of the Middle Ages until the Arab invasions. Travellers and explorers described it as the most advanced civilisation of the time and were in awe of the people living in luxury with its superb architectural marvels. Constantinople was a trade haven, extending to Eurasia and North Africa. It was the primary western hub of the silk trade. From Constantinople, the silk was then exported to Egypt, Bulgaria and further west. The state controlled internal and international trade and held a monopoly over issuing coinage. The currency of the Byzantine Empire had a high value in the middle ages. Reforms initiated by Diocletian and Constantine laid the foundations for the Byzantium economy by replacing the gold aureus with the solidus and introducing the follies (coins) in bronze. Coins were minted both in the capital as well as provinces. Many mints were located in large eastern cities like Alexandria, Antioch, Co nstantinople, Kyzikos, Ravenna and Rome. Major guilds and corporations were supervised through taxation, controlling interest rates and regulating commodity prices. Non-monetary exchange of goods and services through barter was more typical to remote areas. The Byzantines had a strong hold on commercial activities. Professions were organised in guilds and no one was allowed to belong to two guilds simultaneously. Builders, by law, had to provide a ten-year guarantee of the structure they erected! Solidus of Justinian II from the seventh century Coin of Justinian I excavated in India suggesting existence of Indo-Roman trade People were engaged in a variety of professions, agriculture being the predominant occupation. The upper class mostly comprised of the aristocracy, state functionaries, senior military officers and large land owners. The middle class was made up of the merchants, skilled craftsmen and owners of medium size lands and properties while the lower class was made up of wage earners, labourers and destitute. Men occupied all the official posts in the imperial courts, bureaucracy and military. Women generally did not actively participate in trade and were confined to household duties however evidence of women engaging in weaving and spinning, working as fruit and vegetable vendors, herb gatherers and kourisses (women who dressed other womens hair employed either privately or in public baths). Women could also have the option of being physicians and midwives. Some served food in guest houses and taverns. Although women were excluded from priesthood, they had a special place in monasteries. Many nunneries in the Byzantine Empire were run by female abbots. FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD The Byzantine society worked on the model of paterfamilias. The male exerted absolute authority and took care of the family. The families were extended family with two to three generations living together. Nuclear families existed in urban cities where traders moved and settled with their immediate family members. The woman of the family raised and cared for the children. The more liberal paterfamilias of the Roman society was reduced to the Greek idea of paternal families where daughters were kept under strict authority of the male relatives and boys were given the freedom to act independently. A woman was invariably accompanied by someone whenever she left house. Kekaumenos, a Byzantine author in his work Strategikon has said, Keep your daughters as prisoners, confined and inconspicuous. Education was limited to reading and writing. Girls got married at the age of thirteen or fourteen and the suitor was selected by the parents. Sometimes professional matchmakers helped in bringing two compatible families together and earned by taking a percentage of the dowry. Girls usually did not have a say in choosing the partner. Marriage was a formal ceremony sanctioned by the church. A woman earned respect in society through her marriage. It was important to have at least one male child. LAW AND ORDER Christianity had pervaded every facet of human life in the Byzantine Empire, including law and order. State laws received a divine sanction as the emperor was held to be Gods earthly representative and so his laws were essential for maintaining stability. An expanding body of Canonical Laws reflect the growing authority of the church. Corpus juris civilis introduced by Justinian I served as a basis for civil jurisprudence. Many later contributions like Nomos Georgikas (Farmers Law) and Rhodian Sea Law were private collections of codes pertaining to rural life and maritime activities respectively. Criminal law mainly addressed instances of theft, robbery, damage or injury to another person or property. Courts were established to deal with these matters. Punishments ranged from financial compensation, imprisonment, exile and in cases of pre-meditated murder or fatal assault death penalty was awarded. Class barriers existed in the Byzantine Empire too. Convicted elites in cases other than treason could lose their titles, personal property or get banished to a monastery or remote province, whereas public flogging, mutilation and execution were the punishments referred for the members of the lower classes. As the influence of the church grew, such punishments were avoided and banishment in monasteries became more common. The church became an asylum for personal repentance and spiritual healing. DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE Decline of the Byzantine Empire was a process which lasted several centuries before the final collapse. Although there is no certain date for the beginning of the decline, historians unanimously agree that it all started with the invasion of the Arabs. The Arabs had conquered territories in the Levant (modern-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories) and Egypt by the ninth century. The loss of Egypt was a substantial blow as most of the manufactured goods and naturals resources of the Byzantine Empire came from the province. Conversely Egypt now proved to be a source of finance to the Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates, giving them the courage and resources to expand. The Byzantine-Arab Wars crippled the empire not only monetarily but the continuous state of war drained the people of their physical and emotional strength. Between the 11th and 12th centuries, the Seljuk Turks permanently settled in Anatolia. By 1025, the whole of Asia Minor, nearly 70 per cent of the Byzantine Empire was lost to the Seljuks. The Crusades were launched partly to restore the lost glory of the Byzantine Empire but majorly to get back the holy places in and near Jerusalem. However the Crusades added to the financial burden of the Empire and became a reason for its decline. Important dates 286 CE- Founding of Constantinople by the first Constatnitne Emperor Constantine I. 306- Founding of the Constantine Empire by Emperor Constantine. 330 -founding of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. 360- First Church of Hagia Sophia built by Constantius II. 363 to 364- non dynastic rulers. 364 to 379 -Valentian dynasty. 379 to 457 Theodosian dynasty. 395- Final division of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. 415-Second Church of Hagia Sophia built by Theodosius II. 457 Founding of the Leonid Dynasty. 518 Founding of the Justinian Dynasty by Justin I. 523- Nika Riots put down by Justinian I. 533- Justinian reclaims the province of North Africa. Use your Grey Cellsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ RECALL Describe the geographic factors that made Constantinople a centre of cultural diffusion, military defence, and trade. How were the Roman and Byzantine empires connected? What is Justinians Code? How did the Byzantine Empire help to preserve and transmit classical Greek and Roman culture and knowledge? How did Byzantine art and architecture differ from the Romans? ANALYSE Justinians Code helped establish order in the Byzantine Empire. What role do you think rules and laws play today? Given below is a law on slaves from Book I of Justinians Code. Read it carefully and answer the questions that follow; Slaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations; for among all nations it may be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired by the slave is acquired for the master. Was it a just law? Would this law work today? Why? Justinian uses the words law of nations? Do you think the phrase is exaggerated? Why? In Grade 6, you learnt about Hammurabis Code. How does it differ from Justinians Code? Compare and contrast. Why has codification of law been an important aspect of judicial processes? EVALUATE Byzantine Empire has contributed immensely to art and architecture. In light of the statement evaluate the contribution of Byzantine art.

Analysis of British Airways Essay -- British Airways Case Study

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. British Airways: Overview 4 2. Key stakeholders 4 3. Mission and objectives 5 4. Market structure 6 5. Managing diverse cultures 7 6. Economic changes, fiscal and monetary policy 8 7. Regulation 11 8. Conclusion and Recommendations 12 9. References 14 Executive Summary British Airways has focused its mission and objectives towards satisfying its key stakeholders that include employees, customers, Government and the British public. The company has been successful in dealing with cultural differences that arise between the UK and foreign countries, adopting a geocentric approach to hiring workers. The airline has also created a flexible organisation that responds quickly to the changing needs of its consumers. However, poor industrial relations and crisis management imply that there is a greater need to focus on building strong relations with employees, enabling them to internalise the vision of the company. Given intense competition in the industry and continuous changes in regulations from the EU and international regulatory bodies, British Airways needs to introduce cost-effective methods of complying with regulatory standards. The firm should also avoid illegal practices that can harm its corporate image. 1. British Airways: Overview British Airways commenced business in 1935 as a small airline that was privately owned, offering services restricted to the United Kingdom. Due to poor performance, the company was nationalised in 1939 with the state providing the required investment and resources necessary for growth (Brooks & Cullinane, 2007). The emergence of neo-classical economists claiming government ownership to be unproductive and inefficient, paved the way for privatisa... ...om http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/19/ba-fuel-surcharge-fine-oft# Murphy, E. King, E. (2014). Environmental noise pollution. California: Elsevier. Sitkin, A. Bowen, N. (2010). International business 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stabler, M.J. Papatheodorou, A. Sinclair, M.T. (2010). The economics of tourism 2nd edition. New York: Routledge. The Telegraph. (2010). EU clears British Airways’ trans-Atlantic alliance, merger with Iberia. Telegraph. Retrieved on 15th May, 2014 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/7889982/EU-clears-British-Airways-trans-Atlantic-alliance-merger-with-Iberia.html Winfield, P. Bishop, R. Porter, P. (2013). Core management for HR students and practitioners. Oxford: Elsevier. Yahoo Finance. (2014). British Airways. Retrieved on 14th May, 2014 from https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=BA

Is Benjamin Franklin a Quintessential American?

Being a quintessential person in the American setting requires several elements that are identified and attached by other people as a true characteristic of patriotism. The picture drawn for quintessence is one where the person serves as the ideal model for the American people and the steps taken by the person are to be remembered as these are the ideals that put forward progress within the nation once adopted in good terms.Despite the lack of spontaneous and complete information com/his-review-of-the-autobiography-of-benjamin-ben-franklin-all/">written by Benjamin Franklin regarding some events in his life, he has shown to be a quintessential American from his early years up to the last pages of his autobiography. First, he has the brevity and courage that pushed him never to give up and try all the resources at his reach. When he was working for his brother, differences are highlighted among them and he decided to leave him (Franklin, 1996). He proceeded to move to other areas wher e he could get employment as his brother prevented him from getting employed in their town (Franklin, 1996).Employment is an important part of the economy and more and more people are competing for the different jobs available. For some, it becomes very difficult that lead them to give up. However, Benjamin Franklin tried all the means at his disposal and never gave up. Eventually, at the later part of the book, it proves to be the most important characteristic that gave him success in life as he proves to be a real-life example of the American Dream, which at that time is an element attached to the American country.The perseverance, courage, and brevity in the challenges faced in life are important because these are needed in coping through difficult times. Moreover, these positive attitude and approaches serve as factors towards success in overcoming problems. Second, the courage to make a difference and help others can be seen as a small, yet significant, act that contributes to progress. In the early part of his autobiography, Benjamin Franklin helped a man from drowning as they met a storm during his trip away from his brother (Franklin, 1996).Acts of kindness and generosity when adopted as a way of everyday living could make a change in the way people treat one another. It serves as a means through which cooperation could be enhanced and the trust of people with one another rebuilt. With what Benjamin Franklin did, he showed that it is possible to help other people and make a difference in their lives. Third, Benjamin Franklin portrays an image of a person who is always thirsty for knowledge and never ceases to hone and earn these in every single way he can.Education is an important investment for people as this is seen to be a tool which one can rely on in pursuit of progress. It serves as the vehicle for development in one country where investing in the education of the people is a step taken towards the betterment in the society and uplifting the cond itions of living. The very reason as to why the government steers and places education among its priorities is because it wants its citizens to be literate. Likewise, every individual aims for it because of the advantage it gives in terms of employment and career growth.Unfortunately, only a few of the people nowadays are given access to formal institutions of education and receive a diploma. This leaves potential skills and talents unharnessed and serve as a wasted resource for the country when not put into use. Fourth, he has proven himself as a genius because of the discoveries he made in relation to science, such as that of the stove. Aside from being a hardworking business man, he managed to become affiliated with science as he made his studies with his goals aligned with that of science. This goal is to provide easier and more efficient means in terms of carrying out tasks and other activities.He has given his time and effort in order to provide scientific advancements, which may not be as significant as the others but still remain to be an applauded achievement. His dedication to make his own contributions gave him the chance to give discover for the use of the people. Fifth, he constantly made himself aware of the political issues that abound the nation and made the move to help such as his act of writing proposals to gather funds to support colonial defense during the war between England and France (Franklin, 1996).While he may not have a personal interest in terms of the war, he still had the initiative to provide for support and make his cause ripple through his solicitations. His support for the political causes reflects a support for the country and the initiative to help in times where there is a great need. This is important because having people who are aware of the situation is sometimes not enough. There is a greater need for people who wish to take action during times where an active approach is needed.Every little act of support counts when it makes a difference and contributes to the purpose of the country. Lastly, he has served for volunteer works for the country and the citizens. Volunteerism is a spirit that gives people a chance to know that they can do something to help solve problems. Even if it is seen as a tiny dot compared to the larger cause that is found in the society, volunteering for different causes is still counted as an important part of giving and serving the country.With the different initiatives and achievements Benjamin Franklin narrated in his book, he is really seen as a quintessential American. This is especially true in fulfilling the expectations attached to the American Dream. Beyond this, he has selflessly dedicated himself to the service of his nation and in making his own personal contributions in making a difference for the society. Reference Franklin, B. (1996). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Dover Thrift Edition. New York: Dover Publications.

Naval Battle of Casablanca in World War II

Naval Battle of Casablanca in World War II The Naval Battle of Casablanca was fought November 8-12, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) as part of the Allied landings in North Africa. In 1942, having been convinced of the impracticality of launching an invasion of France as a second front, American leaders agreed to conduct landings in northwest Africa with the goal of clearing the continent of Axis troops and opening the way for a future attack on southern Europe. Intending to land in Morocco and Algeria, Allied planners were required to determine the mentality of the Vichy French forces defending the area. These totaled approximately 120,000 men, 500 aircraft, and several warships. It was hoped that as a former member of the Allies, the French would not engage British and American forces.  Conversely, there were several worries regarding French anger and resentment relating to the British attack on Mers el Kebir in 1940, which had caused severe damage and casualties to French naval forces. Planning for Torch To assist in gauging local conditions, the American consul in Algiers, Robert Daniel Murphy, was directed to acquire intelligence and reach out to sympathetic members of the Vichy French government. While Murphy commenced his mission, planning for the landings moved forward under the overall command of Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower. The naval force for the operation would be led by Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham. Initially dubbed Operation Gymnast, it was soon renamed Operation Torch. In planning, Eisenhower voiced a preference for the eastern option which utilized landings at Oran, Algiers, and Bà ´ne as this would allow for a rapid capture of Tunis and because the swells in the Atlantic made landing in Morocco difficult. He was overruled by the Combined Chiefs of Staff who were worried that should Spain enter the war on the side of the Axis, the Straits of Gibraltar could be closed cutting off the landing force.   As a result, the final plan called for landings at at Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers. This would later prove problematic as it took substantial time to shift troops east from Casablanca and the greater distance to Tunis allowed the Germans to improve their defensive positions in Tunisia. Murphys Mission Working to accomplish his mission, Murphy offered evidence suggesting the French would not resist the landings and made contact with several officers, including the commander-in-chief of Algiers, General Charles Mast. While these commanders were willing to assist the Allies, they requested a conference with a senior Allied commander before committing. Agreeing to their demands, Eisenhower dispatched Major General Mark Clark aboard the submarine HMS Seraph. Meeting with Mast and others at the  Villa Teyssier in Cherchell, Algeria on October 21, 1942, Clark was able to secure their support. Problems with the French In preparation for Operation Torch, General Henri Giraud was smuggled out of Vichy France with the aid of the resistance. Though Eisenhower had intended to make Giraud the commander of French forces in North Africa after the invasion, the Frenchman demanded that he be given overall command of the operation. Giraud believed this was required to ensure French sovereignty and control over the native Berber and Arab populations of North Africa. His demand was immediately refused and he became a spectator. With the groundwork laid with the French, the invasion convoys sailed with the Casablanca force departing the United States and the other two sailing from Britain. Fleets Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt1 aircraft carrier1 escort carrier1 battleship3 heavy cruisers1 light cruiser14 destroyers Vichy France Vice Admiral Fà ©lix Michelier1 battleship1 light cruiser2 flotilla leaders7 destroyers8 sloops11 minesweepers11 submarines Hewitt Approaches Scheduled to land on November 8, 1942, the Western Task Force approached Casablanca under the guidance of Rear Admiral Henry K. Hewitt and Major General George S. Patton. Consisting of the US 2nd Armored Division as well as the US 3rd and 9th Infantry Divisions, the task force carried 35,000 men. Supporting Pattons ground units, Hewitts naval forces for the Casablanca operation consisted of the carrier USS Ranger (CV-4), the light carrier USS Suwannee (CVE-27), the battleship USS Massachusetts (BB-59), three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and fourteen destroyers. On the night of November 7, pro-Allies General Antoine Bà ©thouart attempted a coup detat in Casablanca against the regime of General Charles Noguà ¨s. This failed and Noguà ¨s was alerted to the impending invasion. Further complicating the situation was the fact that the French naval commander, Vice Admiral Fà ©lix Michelier, had not been included in any Allied efforts to prevent bloodshed during the landings. First Steps To defend Casablanca, Vichy French forces possessed the incomplete battleship Jean Bart which had escaped the Saint-Nazaire shipyards in 1940. Though immobile, one of its quad-15 turrets was operational. In addition, Micheliers command contained a light cruiser, two flotilla leaders, seven destroyers, eight sloops, and eleven submarines. Further protection for the port was provided by the batteries on El Hank (4 7.6 guns and 4 5.4 guns) at the western end of the harbor. At midnight on November 8, American troopships moved inshore off Fedala, up the coast from Casablanca, and began landing Pattons men. Though heard and fired on by Fedalas coast batteries, little damage was incurred. As the sun rose, the fire from the batteries became more intense and Hewitt directed four destroyers to provide cover. Closing, they succeeded in silencing the French guns. The Harbor Attacked Responding to the American threat, Michelier directed five submarines to sortie that morning and French fighters took to the air. Encountering F4F Wildcats from Ranger, a large dogfight ensued which saw both sides take losses. Additional American carrier aircraft began striking targets in the harbor at 8:04 AM which led to the loss of four French submarines as well as numerous merchant vessels. Shortly thereafter, Massachusetts, the heavy cruisers USS Wichita and USS Tuscaloosa, and four destroyers approached Casablanca and began engaging the El Hank batteries and Jean Bart. Quickly putting the French battleship out of action, the American warships then focused their fire on El Hank. The French Sortie Around 9:00 AM, the destroyers Malin, Fougueux, and Boulonnais emerged from the harbor and began steaming towards the American transport fleet at Fedala. Strafed by aircraft from Ranger, they succeeded in sinking a landing craft before fire from Hewitts ships forced Malin and Fougueux ashore. This effort was followed with a sortie by the light cruiser Primauguet, the flotilla leader Albatros, and the destroyers Brestois and Frondeur. Encountering Massachusetts, the heavy cruiser USS Augusta (Hewitts flagship), and the light cruiser USS Brooklyn at 11:00 AM, the French quickly found themselves badly outgunned. Turning and running for safety, all reached Casablanca except Albatros which was beached to prevent sinking. Despite reaching the harbor, the other three vessels were ultimately destroyed. Later Actions Around noon on November 8, Augusta ran down and sank Boulonnais which had escaped during the earlier action. As fighting quieted later in the day, the French were able to repair Jean Barts turret and the guns on El Hank remained operational. At Fedala, landing operations continued over the next several days though weather conditions made getting men and material ashore difficult. On November 10, two French minesweepers emerged from Casablanca with the goal of shelling American troops that were driving on the city. Chased back by Augusta and two destroyers, Hewitts ships were then forced to retreat due to fire from Jean Bart. Responding to this threat, SBD Dauntless dive bombers from Ranger attacked the battleship around 4:00 PM. Scoring two hits with 1,000 lb. bombs, they succeeded in sinking Jean Bart. Offshore, three French submarines mounted torpedo attacks on the American ships with no success. Responding, subsequent anti-submarine operations led to the beaching of one of the French boats. The following day Casablanca surrendered to Patton and German U-boats began to arrive in the area. Early on the evening of November 11, U-173 hit the destroyer USS Hambleton and the oiler USS Winooski. In addition, the troopship USS Joseph Hewes was lost. During the course of the day, TBF Avengers from Suwannee located and sank the French submarine Sidi Ferruch. On the afternoon of November 12, U-130 attacked the American transport fleet and sank three troopships before withdrawing. Aftermath In the fighting at the Naval Battle of Casablanca, Hewitt lost four troopships and around 150 landing craft, as well as sustained damage to several ships in his fleet. French losses totaled a light cruiser, four destroyers, and five submarines. Several other vessels had been driven aground and required salvage. Though sunk, Jean Bart soon was raised and debate ensued on how to complete the vessel. This continued through the war and it remained at Casablanca until 1945. Having taken Casablanca, the city became a key Allied base for the remainder of the war and in January 1943 hosted the Casablanca Conference between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.